表示“最重要的是;尤其”的意思。 例如: The local government faces many tough problems, and above all, pollution problem.当地政府面临许多问题,但首当其冲的是污染问题。
A capable candidate should be outstanding in many ways, and above all, confidence.一个称职的竞选者应在许多方面表现突出,但最重要的是自信心。
2. according to
according to是一个短语介词,意思是“按照或根据”。 例如: He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.他所受的惩罚要根据其犯罪的严重程度而定。 I will take the medicine according to the instruction.我会按说明来服药的。
我们又常常会碰到"according as"这一短语,那么这两者又有何联系呢?according as 是短语从属连词,后接从句。作“根据……而”或 “视……而定”解。例如:You will be praised or blamed according as your work is well done or not.根据你的工作表现好坏,将给予奖励或惩罚 。
3. account for
这个词的意思比较多,归纳起来,有以下用法: 1). 解释,说明。例如:She was unable to account for '5000.她无法解释那5000美元的去处 。 2). 是……产生的原因,解释为什么有(某种情况)。例如:The police tried to account for the blood spot.警察试图解释这血迹是怎么来的。 3). 占。例如: Students account for 50% of our customers. 在我们的顾客中,学生占了一半。 The tuition accounts for two thirds of his income. 学费占了他三分之一的收入。
4. act out
表示表演出来比划着(用手势及语言表演或表达)”的意思。 例如: The children were told to act out their favorite story.孩子们被要求表演他们最喜爱的故事。 The football fan is trying to act out the match he saw on TV.这个足球迷正试图连比带划地把他在电视上看到的比赛讲出来。
例如:She acted as a princess in the short play.她在这部短剧中扮演公主。 Many college students act as guides during their summer vacation.许多大学生在暑假里担任导游。
5. add to
add to中的add是不及物动词,to为介词,一起构成及物动词词组,表示增加,增添的意思。 例如: They also raise fish and poultry, thus adding to the total income.他们还养鱼,饲养家禽以增加收入。 Her son's death added to the old lady's sadness.这位老妇人因儿子之死而更加悲伤。
注意区别它与add…to以及add up to 的不同含义。add…to的意思是把……加到……上去。例如:Would you please add a few notes to the article?请您给这篇文章加几条注释好吗?而add up to的意思是加起来等于,总计达。其中,add是不及物动词,up是副词,to是介词,一起构成及物动词词组。
例如:The various building programs add up to several thousand new homes.各种各样的建筑项目构筑成了几千座新屋.The total figures add up to 270.总数加起来是270。
例如: One lucky venture in Australia made his name overnight.在澳洲一次幸运的投机使他一夜成名。 I venture to say that by the year 2500 there will be men living on the moon.我敢说,到公元2500年会有人在月球上居住。
7. afford
高中课文中出现的与此单词组成的词组是afford sb. sth.,表示提供某人某物。 例如: Those efforts afforded us useful experience.这些努力使我们得到了一些有益的经验。These activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age.这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。
在很多场合,afford表示有经济条件做某事。 例如: Before liberation many people could not afford to send their children to school.解放前很多人由于付不起学费而不能送孩子上学。 In those days we were too poor to afford medical treatment.那时候我们太穷,治不起病。
8. agree to
表示同意某一建议,安排等,意思接近consent to。 例如:We agreed to their suggestion.我们同意了他们的建议。 Under no circumstances can we agree to such a principle.在任何情况下我们都不会同意这一原则。
注意:在agree后接不同介词,词义会有所不同,如:agree with,表示同意某人的意见,我们可以说:I quite agree with him.我完全同意他的意见。又如: agree on或agree upon,它表示在某一点上取得或具有相同意见,可以说:They finally agreed upon the terms of the contract.他们最后就合同的条文达成了协议。I don't agree with you on many things.在许多问题上我同你的意见有分歧。
9. aim at
提到"aim at"这个词组,便会使人想到"aim for"这一词组,两者都表示目的是,旨在的意思,但也存在一些细微的区别。aim at 是动介型短语动词,其后可接名词,代词或动名词。它除了表示目的是,旨在的意思外,还有瞄准之意。
例如: He aimed at the lion and fired but missed it.他对准狮子开枪,但没有击中。 He picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog.他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。 又如:We are aiming at a 50% increase in production.我们打算使产量增长百分之五十。
10. allow
allow 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词(多用于及物动词),它主要有三种意义: 1)(1). 允许;许可(1) 跟名词,动名词或代词。 例如:We cannot allow such a thing.对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。 (2) 跟名(代)词+不定式。 例如:Please allow me to congratulate you on your success.请允许我祝贺你的成功。 (3) 跟名词(代词)+副词 The doorman allowed us in one by one.看门人让我们一个一个地进去。
2). 给予; 让……有How much money does your father allow you for books?你父亲给你多少钱买书? They allowed us twenty minutes for lunch.他们给我们二十分钟的时间吃午饭。
3). 承认(1) 跟名词或代词The judge allowed the claim.法官同意了这一要求. (2) 跟从句The officer allowed that it was an American tank.那军官承认这是一辆美国制造的坦克。 (3) 跟带不定式的复合结构You must allow yourself to be in the wrong.你必需认错。
表示允许的词很多,比如: permit,let,admit等。下面我们来看一看它们之间的差别。allow指“听凭”,“不禁止”,含有消极的意味。例如: My parents do not allow me to go out at night.我父母不允许我晚上出去。
permit指正式地“允许”或根据法律规定“许可”, 比allow来得积极。例如: Smoking is not permitted in the cinema.电影院内禁止吸烟。
试比较:Hunting is allowed in this area, though not officially permitted.这个地区是可以狩猎的,尽管法律上不允许。而let表示“允许”、“让”,指不予以阻止或反对,它比allow更具有口语色彩。
11. answer for
"answer for" 与 "answer to" 是两个比较容易混淆的词组。这两个词都是动介型短语动词,介词后接名词或代词作宾语。answer for是“对……负责”、“因……(错误)而负责”的意思。 例如: Do you think parents should have to answer for their children's behavior?你是否认为父母应对子女的行为负责? You will have to answer for your wrongdoing one day.终有一天会你会为你的错误行动付出代价。
而"answer to"是“适应,符合”和“与……一致”等意思。 That answers precisely to our need.这正好符合我们的需要。 This is the answer to the question.这就是问题的答案。
12. a number of
表示数量短语,意思是“若干,许多,大量”,其后一般接复数可数名词。 例如:A number of scholars have done the experiment.许多学者已做了这项实验。 A number of new products have been trial-produced.许多新品已试制出来了。
注意区别它与the number of的不同用法。the number of是一名词短语,意为“……的数目”。复数的形式为the numbers of。作主语时,谓语动词应随the number的单复数变化。例如: The number of students is increasing.学生人数正在不断增加。 The numbers of the machine parts are not available.这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
13. apply for
apply for是一个大家都很熟悉的词语,意思是“申请,请求”。 例如:I want to apply for the position.我想申请这个职位。
如果把这个词组中的for改为to,那么又是什么含义呢? “apply to”可以表示“敷上,涂上”。 例如:Apply some medicine to his wound.在他的伤口上敷一些药。它还可用来表示“努力,专心”,相当于 “devote…to”。 例如:He applied himself to the research.他很卖力地做此项研究。
14. ask for
表示“请求得到,请求见到”或“需要”等意。 例如: If you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难,要赶紧向人请教。 They all asked for the job.他们都要求做这项工作。 A young man was here earlier, asking for Mary.一位年轻人刚刚来过这里,说要见玛丽。 The matter asks for immediate attention.这件事需要立即处理。
ask是一个使用频率较高的字,在高中阶段,ask after 与ask about 也是常常容易弄错的词组。请注意它们的区别。这两个词组都表示“问候,问起”的意思。但在意义上稍有不同。ask after 一般只指对第三者的问候,ask about则既可代替ask after 指对第三者的问候,也可用来表示对对方的直接问候。例如:He asked after your health. 他向你问候。He asked about me when I met him yesterday.我昨天碰到他时,他问起我的情况。
15. at all
与after all这两个是介词短语,都在句中作状语,起加强语气的作用,但其用法和意义是有区别的。前者常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。用于否定句时,表示“根本”;用于条件句时,译为“当真,实在”。 例如:I didn't understand him at all. 当时,我根本不明白他的意思。 If you want to keep your job at all, do it well.若你要保住这份工作,就得好好做。
after all常常用来表示“毕竟,终究”的意思。 Don't blame him, he is a little boy after all.别责备他了,他毕竟还是个孩子。 So you see I am right after all.你看,终究还是我对。
16. at a time
作“一次,每次”讲,常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。 例如:Enter two at a time.每次进来两人。 He checked them off one at a time as they came in.他们进来时,他一个一个地核对。 注意它与at one time 的区别。at one time一般指“过去某一时期,曾一度(once)”或“同时”的意思。如表示“同时”,则两者可通用。例如:At one time I used to like her, but not any more.我曾一度很喜欢他,现在可不喜欢了。
例如: We camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。 Our company's base is in New York , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。
而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的"基础",常用于比喻句。 What's the basis of your opinion?你的意见的根据是什么? We are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。
2、be about to
这个短语与"be to do","be going to do"两个短语都可用来表示"将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是"即将,马上就要去做"。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)
例如: I am about to leave for Shanghai.我将要去上海。 be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。
例如: The US President Bill Clinton is to visit Japan next week.美国总统比尔?克林顿将于下周访日。 The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。
be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。
例如:What are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什么打算吗? It's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。
例如: The man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。 He hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。 She struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。 He went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。 The foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the West Lake.外宾对西湖之美印象极深。
4、before long; long before
这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示"不久以后"。 例如:I hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。
而long before = long time ago很久以前, 例如:I saw that American film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。
有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示"在…… 前很久"的意思。例如:He had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。
5、begin
这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:
1.begin by 作"先(做某事)"解。 例如: I must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。
2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。 例如:Knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。
3.to begin with 1). 首先We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。 2). 开始时To begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。
6、believe与believe in
believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示相信的意思;后接从句时表示认为。 例如: I don't believe his story.我不相信他所说的。 I believe he told us the truth.我认为他告诉我们的是真的。
而believe in是一个动介型短语动词,这时believe是不及物动词,一起表示信任即trust" 的意思。 例如:She doesn't believe in God.她不信奉上帝。 They believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他们相信占星术并且由它来绝对支配他们的生活。
believe与believe in的后面均可接人的名词或代词,但其意义不同。试比较:I believe in him. (= I trust him.) 我信任他。I believe him. (= I believe what he says.)我相信他的话。
7、beside与besides
这两个词都是介词,且只相差一个字母,但意义却相差甚远。beside的意思是在……旁边 和与……比较起来。 例如:May I sit beside you?我可以坐在你的旁边吗? This year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.与去年相比,今年的利润看来不太好。
besides的意思是除……之外(还),相当于 "in addition to"。 例如:There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Smith.与会的除了史密斯先生外,还有三人。 注:besides还可作副词用,解释为此外,而且。 例如:I don't feel like dancing tonight. Besides, I will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再说我明天还要测验呢。
8、blow up与blow out
blow up一词的含义颇多,可归纳为: 1. 炸毁The soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵们用炸药把桥炸毁了。 2. 发脾气,责骂 When we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我们晚到了一会儿,老板就骂了我们一顿。 Mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.玛丽聚会后回到家里比她答应的时间晚了两小时就遭到她父亲的一顿骂。 3. 打气 Be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.开车之前,一定要把轮胎打足气。
而blow out则表示吹灭。 She blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹灭了生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。 Blow out the lamp, please.请吹灭灯。
9、break into与break in
这两个词组长得很像,有人甚至认为它们完全可以互换,其实则不然。 "break into"表示破门而入,闯入。 例如: A house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5点这段时间,有人闯入一家房子。 The robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.强盗们闯进他的家中,抢走了许多财物。
但它还有一个意思,就是突然开始……",即to suddenly start to do sth."。 例如: The audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.当这支乐队一出场,观众就报以热烈的掌声。
而 "break in"的另外一个意思是打断(话);插嘴。 例如:Don't break in when he is telling the story.他讲故事的时候,别打断他 There's no doubt about it," he broke in."那是毫无疑问的,他插嘴说。 Excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.请原谅我打断了你们的谈话。
10、burn out与burn up
这两个词组都是动副型动词,在表示烧光,烧尽时,可通用。 例如:The big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.这场大火把两座高楼烧掉了。
burn out主要指灯泡,设备等烧坏;它还可以表示放火将……赶出。 例如: Any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何灯炮最后总会烧坏。 I turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打开电源,但电灯已经烧坏了。 Hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使数百人无家可归。
11、but do与but to do
这两个词组都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相当于except do与except to do。它们属于 "but不定式结构,即but是介词,后接带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出现了实义动词do, but后一般接不带to的不定式。反之则用but to do的形式。
例如: He could do nothing but wait.他除了等,别无它法。 He had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自杀外,别无其它选择。
12、by heart与at heart
这两个词组在句中均作状语,在意义上却有所不同。by heart 指靠记忆(by memory),常与动词get, learn, know等连用。 例如: The students have learned many new words by heart.学生们已背熟很多新单词了。 He has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.这篇演讲他讲过好多次了,因此,他能把里面的每句话记得清清楚楚。
at heart有两种意义:一是在本质上;二是在内心深处;关心的。 例如:His manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他态度粗鲁,但在本质上是个善良的人。When I say "Don't eat sweets", I have your health at heart.当我说你不要吃甜食时,我是在关心你的健康。 He has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把贫苦人民的福利放在心里。
13、by turns与in turn
by turns表示轮流地,交替地的意思,相当于alternately, 多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作, 例如: We clean the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。 She went hot and cold by turns.她一阵发热一阵发冷。 in turn有两种意义:一是依次地;轮流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意义;二是转而,反过来。
例如: They spoke at the meeting in turn.他们依次在会上发了言。 Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
14、by chance与by any chance
by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相当于by accident,在句中作状语。 例如: I had no idea he was there. I met him by chance.我不知道他会在那儿,我是偶然碰见他的。 The news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然听到这个消息的。
by any chance表示万一;也许的意思时,在句子中作插入语,它一般用于否定句或疑问句中。 例如: If, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask John to work the machine.万一他不来,我们就叫约翰开机器。 Have you by any chance a map of Shanghai?你也许有上海的地图吧?
15、but for与but that
but for表示要不是的意思,相当于if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用于虚拟语气。for 是介词,其后只能接名词(词组)。 例如:But for your help and guidance, I should fail.要不是你的帮助与指导,我早就失败了。
but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相当于except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that后接从句。例如: We ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我们什么也不要你的,就是要你把实情清楚地交代出来。 He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他当时没有钱,他就帮助我们了。 It will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我们扩大耕地面积,否则事情就不好办。
高考必背英语词汇讲座-C字头
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:Look, I can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:
If I concentrate on the work, I'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。 I'll be able to speak French in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:I hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:Professor Li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:I called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如: He placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。 At the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。 London is the political, economical and cultural centre of Britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如: He telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。 Soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如: If we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。 Harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如: This has been my only opportunity to practise speaking English.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。 I am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如: It is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。 He is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。
注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。
试比较:They are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。They are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。
再如:The strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。They are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:I don't much care about going.我并不很想去。I don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:She doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。Small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如: Don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。 I'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。Rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如: I have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。 The government was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning".当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:We'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:The girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
cause指造成一种事实或现象的“原因”,尤指自然原因或客观原因。如:What's the cause of his success?他成功的原因是什么?
reason指说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如:Give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。This is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
这三个词都与人们穿的“衣”有关,但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现,指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子,内衣,衬衫等;其前不能用数词修饰。如:These clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。Do I have to change my clothes for the meeting?我去参加会议要换衣服吗?
clothing是集体名词,为衣物的总称,是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外,它还包括帽,袜,手套,被褥之类的东西,如:The shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。In winter, children need warm clothing.冬天,孩子们需要暖和的衣服。
cloth一般用作不可数名词,指“棉布,毛织品”;它亦可作可数名词,指“某一特定用途的一块布”,复数形式是cloths。如:He will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。She cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。
main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分,表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分,起着主体的作用。The chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。The president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。Our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。Note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。
12、choose, select
choose为“挑选,选择”,使用范围较广,指从众多的对象中挑选,这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断,不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的,可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义,即表示选定后不再变化。如: In the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。 He chose Miss Li for his wife.他选李小姐为妻。 You have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。
select为“挑选,精选”,语气比choose重,多用于正式场合。它指仔细地,审慎地精选,强调客观性,而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的,但一定是同一种类的。如: The best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。He selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
come to one's help表示“来帮某人的忙”,与come to help someone意义相同。如:When they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。When one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难,万人帮忙。
come for one's help表示“来求某人帮助”,与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如:When he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候,他常来找我帮忙。She couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题,因而来找我们帮忙。
14、continual, continuous
这两个形容词均可表示“连续不断”的意思,但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复,重复之间有短暂停顿的含义;还有使人不愉快的含义。如:We are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。My work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。
continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义,表示“持续不断”的意思。如:We felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行,我们感到很累了。There was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜,边界上的战斗没有停过。
Life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。 People compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。 Compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比,她的确很幸运。 Compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比,你会发现你的有很多错误。
16、consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“认为是”,两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法,后者则偏重“把...看作”的含义,且必须与介词as连用。如: They considered Miss Shen a good English teacher.他们认为沈小姐是一位优秀的英语教师。 I regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。 They regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。
treat as表示“对待,当作”,指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物,着重点在行动,而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如: Don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的。 They treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。
consider 后可接从句,也可跟带有名词,形容词,不定式及介词短语的复合结构;regard as后除接名词外,还可接形容词,分词及介词短语等;treat后则只能接名词。如: I consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。 They considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。 I regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。 She considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。 We can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。 He regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。
17、coloured, colourful
虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示“有某种颜色的(having the colour specified)"的意义,常用以构成复合词。如: She is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。 Coloured people were looked down upon at that time in America.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。
colourful表示“富有色彩的(full of colours),色彩鲜艳的”等意思。如: The girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。 Colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。
Mr. Smith, I wonder if we could arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我们能不能安排个时间商谈破损货物的问题。 The water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.为了灭火,他们把水往一切东西上泼,把书也损坏了。
harm: “损害,伤害”,词义具体,强调带来损失,病痛或痛苦。Though he knows clearly that smoking harms his health, he simply cannot give it up.虽然他很清楚吸烟对身体有害,但他就是戒不了。
hurt: “疼痛,伤害”,尤其指感情或身体遭受创伤。Nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the dentist to have it pulled out.没有比牙齿坏了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙医拔掉那颗坏牙。My little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.我的儿子从楼梯上摔了下来,把自己摔伤了。
injure: “伤害,损害”,一般常指不公正地对待或冤屈某人,即有意识地侵害别人的权利或毁坏别人的健康、成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破坏。The gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.这种气体污染环境,损害工人和该地区居民的健康。
John joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.约翰参加了这个晚会,他的不礼貌行为破坏了大家的兴致。 Quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.争吵完全破坏了了宴会的气氛,结果宴会不欢而散。 I do hate to spoil your fun, but I've got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿扫了你的兴,但我有紧急的事必须告诉你。
2、dare not , don't dare
dare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。dare not中的dare是情态动词,后接动词原形。dare作为情态动词,其过去式为dared。 如: I dare not think of it.我不敢想这事。 He dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木丛附近去。
作为情态动词的dare除用于否定句外,还可用于疑问句和条件句,但不能用于肯定句。 如可以说 Dare you say so before your parents?和Jump now if you dare,但不可以说I dare touch it.
don't dare中的dare是实义动词,后面要接动词不定式。如:I did not dare to move.我不敢动。He had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他从来不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。
作为实义动词的dare与其它实义动词一样,可以用于肯定句,疑问句和条件句等。如:She dared to go there alone.她敢一个人去那里。Do you dare to come here?你敢一个人来这儿吗?
dare与普通实义动词的不同之处在于:在否定句和疑问句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去 to。如:He didn't dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢当面对我说这些。Do you dare (to) climb that high mountain? 你敢爬那座高山吗?
3、dangerous, in danger
dangerous是形容词,意为“危险的”, 指一切能或者可能引起危险的人或事物等,有对某人或某事物构成威胁的意味。例如:He is a dangerous person.他是一个危险的人物。It is dangerous to smoke.吸烟是危险的。
in danger是一个介词短语,意为“处于危险中”,在句中作表语,其后还可以跟of短语。在使用中,danger可由形容词great, real等修饰。其反义语是out of danger。如:
The sick man's life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.病人的生命曾处于危险之中,现在已脱离危险。 He is in great danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects.如果他继续买这些无用的东西,他就有失去所有钱财的危险。
4、date, day
这两个词都表示“日,天”的意思,但它们之间是有区别的。date通常指具体的日期,一般以单数形式出现。它包括某年、某月、某日。因此,在回答 What's the date? 或What's the date today?的问句时,应该把年、月、日全部说出。What's the date today? 今天几号?It's June 4,1992. 今天是1992年6月4日。
day主要用来泛指日子,a day是“一天”的意思。days是“一些日子”的意思。在问“星期几”时,应该用它。如:What day is today? 今天星期几?It's Friday. 今天星期五。
5、deadly, deathly
deadly和deathly都可作形容词,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:The deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.会议室里一片沉默,没有一点声音。两者都可以充当形容词及副词,表示“非常,极度”,强调极端性。如:I have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。The man is deadly/deathly ill. 这人病得很重。
deadly另可表示:“致命的,势不两立的”,指导致死亡与毁灭的事物,表示死亡的可能性。 如deadly poison(致命的毒药),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。 又如:Fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies.雾是海员一个最大的敌人。The sad news was a deadly blow to the poor old lady.这条消息对这个可怜的老太太是致命一击。
6、deal in, deal with
deal in主要“做……买卖,经营(to buy and sell, trade in)"的意思,后接事物名词,表示经营,买卖的内容。如:This shop deals in textile good.这家商店经营纺织品。This import and export corporation deals in general merchandise, paper, building material, electrical appliances, light, etc.这家进出口公司经营日用百货,纸张,建筑材料,电器用品和灯具等。
deal with的主要意思有: 1)“与……做生意(do business, esp. trade with...), 后接集体名词或人物名词,表示做生意的对方; 2)“对付,处理”; 3)关于,论及(be about, be concerned with)"等。如: I've dealt with this store for 20 years.我与这家商店做了20年的生意。 Children are tiring to deal with.带小孩最令人讨厌。 Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道还治其人之身。 This article deals with an important subject.这篇文章谈论到一个重要的问题。
7、demand, request, require
demand为“要求,查问”,语气较重,是强硬、断然的口气。它可接名词,不定式及用虚拟语气表示的宾语从句,当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如: She demanded that we give him an immediate answer.她要求我立即给他回复。 All of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我们大家都问他最近是否收到她的来信。
require为“请求,恳求”,语气较和缓,指非常礼貌地正式请求。它可接名词及不定式的复合结构,也可以后接用宾语从句,但宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:We'll do all that is required of us.我们会把要求做的全部都做完。
与demand和request的用法不同,require另可接动名词作宾语,其主动形式表示被动意义。它也可接不定式作宾语,但仍要用被动形式来表示被动意义。如:The car requires repairing/to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。
If a child displays negative behavior by hitting someone, adults must try to persuade him to use reasoning to solve future conflicts.假如孩子有打人的不良习惯,成年人必须规劝他用讲道理的方式来解决今后发生的争执。 She is so fascinated by the beautiful dress displayed in the shop window that she cannot help looking at it admirably whenever she passes there.她对橱窗里展示的那套漂亮衣服非常痴迷,每次经过,她都忍不住羡慕地看看它。
exhibit:“展出,表现出”,往往指出于某个特殊目的而公开地推出某些事物。Although the supervisor said he needn't be responsible for the result, John still exhibited signs of stress.尽管督查员说约翰不必为此事负责,他还是显现出承受压力的迹象。
It's too bad that children are exposed to films and reports about crime and violence.让孩子耳濡目染电影与新闻报道中的暴力与犯罪行为是很糟糕的。 It was my duty to leave no stone unturned to discover and expose the awful truth.我的责任就是想方设法发现这可怕的真相并公之于众。
9、die from, die of
这两个动词词组都表示“因……而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年迈,疲劳过度等造成的死亡。如: die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如: It is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.据报道,有十分之一烟瘾很重的人会死于肺癌。 In a severe winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在严冬,野生动物可能会因食物不足而死。
die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,损伤,环境条件,自然灾害等。如: die from a traffic accident/a wound/carelessness/an electric shock/an earthquake。再如: The young driver died from the wounds he received in the road accident.这个年轻的司机因交通事故致伤而死。 The 3-year-old child died from her fall out of the high window.这个三岁的小孩从高楼的窗户摔下来而死。
die of另可表示因内在感情而造成的死亡,像失恋,失望,羞愧,大喜大悲等。如: die of love/disappointment/shame/joy/grief/a broken heart。再如: Grandma Zhou died of grief soon after her husband's death.周奶奶在她丈夫死后不久因悲伤过度也去世了。 They drowned themselves in the sea and died of love.他们跳海殉情了。
10、deep, deeply
deep用作副词时,易和deeply混淆。这两个副词在修饰具体动作时,一般可以换用。如:We shall probe deep (or: deeply) into the matter.我们要深入地探索这件事。
deep通常用来形容静止状态,多用来修饰作状语的介词短语,带有far into之意。如:They danced deep into the night.他们跳舞跳到深夜。He stood there thinking, his hands deep in his pockets.他站在那儿思索,两手深深地插在口袋里。
deeply常常用来修饰形容词或过去分词,作程度状语。如:We were all deeply disturbed when we heard the news.我们听到那消息都感到极为不安。I'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你给我的劝告。
11、different, various
different为“不同的,有差异的”,是普通用语,常指在性质上及在其他方面不同,它强调本质的差异,着重独特性与单独性。它常用于be different from结构,以表示对比的差异。如: People in different countries play the same game in different ways.同样的运动,不同国家的人用不同的方式进行。 Things today are greatly different from what they used to be.今天的情况与过去大不相同。
various为“不同的,各种各样的”,强调同一范畴内的品种或数量的不同,而不强调相互间本质的差别。如:I did that for various reasons.由于种种原因我才这样做的。You may solve the problem in various ways.你可用各种方式来解决这个问题。
different也可用来指品种数量的不同,而不强调本质上的差别,此时可与various换用。如:I came across different/various people .我碰见过各种各样的人。There's different/various kinds of flowers in his garden.他的花园里,花的品种繁多。
12、discover, invent
discover意为“发现,看出”,常指通过调查,实验等发现原已存在,但尚未被人了解,认识或挖掘到的事物,含有该事物阻挡人们视线的意思,也常指发现抽象的事物。如: A new coal-mine has been discovered in this district.这地区发现了一个新的煤矿。 The police discovered an iron box hidden under the floor.警方发现地下藏着一个铁盒子。We discovered the lady to be quite careful in her work.我们觉得这个女士对她的工作非常仔细。
Invent意为“发明”, 指通过思考,实验和研究等发明了新的有用的物品。此外,它还有“虚构,编造”的意思。Bell invented the telephone.贝尔发明了电话。
Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. I thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧! The meeting lasted so long that Mr. Laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。
She was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。 He forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。
It became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。 Please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk?对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?
2、easy, easily
easy作副词用时,不能与easily混淆。easy作副词用时主要用于口语和习语中,常与单音节的简单动词连用。它有“轻易地,安适地,慢慢地,小心地”等含义。如: We often talk about reducing our costs, but it is easier said than done.我们经常谈论降低成本,但说来容易做来难。 Take it easy!别紧张! Easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。 Go easy here!走慢一点!
easily是在表示“容易地,舒适地”等意义的easy的基础上通过加后缀构成的副词。在表示“不费力地,毫无困难地”等意义时,相当于with ease。它还有“舒适地,流畅地,顺利地,很可能”等意义。如:He won the match easily.他轻而易举地赢得了比赛。The machine is running easily.机器运转得很好。He may easily be late today.今天他很可能迟到。
3、each, every
这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。
1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。
2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。
3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: Each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) Here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)
4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks, every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
4、economic, economical
两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如: They are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。 The country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。
economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如: This is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。 She is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。
5、each other, one another
这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:Wagner and Strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)The members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)
又如:They sat down opposite to each other.他们相对而坐。They were not suited to each other.他们俩不合适。We have known one another since we were children.我们在小的时候就相互认识了。这两个词组的差别目前已不是很严格,有时可互相替换。
6、effective, efficient
这两个形容词虽然都可译成“有效的”,但含义有所不同。effective指某物有一种显著的,预期的效果或是取得了预期的效果,它还可表示“有战斗力的,得力的”的意思。如: Her efforts to improve the school have been very effective.他为改善学校而做出的努力是卓有成效的。 This machine is an effective remedy for acid indigestion.这是一种治疗胃酸过多的良药。He has become an effective assistant.他已成为一名得力的助手。
efficient主要指某人办事效率高,不浪费时间和精力等,也可指机械设备“有效率的”。如:A good leader should be both competent and efficient.一名好领导应该精明能干,办事效率高。Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们所买的高效机器运转消耗要小得多。
7、elder, older
这两个词皆是形容词的比较形式。 1).elder为“年长的”,只指人,用来比较年龄长幼,尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。它只能用在名词前作定语,不能用于than引导的比较状语从句。older为“年纪较大的,较老的,较旧的”,可指人也可指物,可作定语也可作表语,能用在than引导的 比较状语从句中。 Which is the elder of the two sisters?两姐妹中,谁是姐姐? The older of the two sisters led me into the sitting-room.两姐妹中的姐姐把我领进了客厅。
2). eldest和oldest的区别也是如此:前者表示年龄的长幼关系,后者表示年龄及时间或年代上的长久。 如: She has three children, and her eldest has just started school. 她有三个孩子,最大的刚开始读书。 It is the oldest building in our college. 这是我们学院最旧的楼。
8、exhausted, tired, tiresome
这三个词都与“疲劳,疲倦”有关。exhausted:“筋疲力尽的,疲惫不堪的”,语气最强。形容人因劳累过度而再无剩余精力或耐力继续做某事。在句中可作表语,状语。当它形容物,如资源等时,意为“耗尽的,用光的”。 The athletes were too much exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.运动员们疲惫不堪,一旦入睡便很难醒来。 The enemy troops being exhausted and demoralized, our troops won a series of victories.敌军疲惫不堪,士气低落,我军连战皆捷。
tired:“累的,疲倦的”,普通用词,泛指由于工作紧张或其他原因导致的疲乏,在英语中,也可表示“厌倦,不耐烦。常用于下列短语:be tired of (doing) sth. 厌倦做某事。 I'm sure you must be tired after cycling all that distance.骑了那么远路,我想你肯定累坏了。 When I first got to Wisconsin, I was tired of eating such kind of food as hamburger every day.初到威斯康星时,我对每天都吃汉堡类食品而感到厌倦。
tiresome:“令人厌倦的,讨厌的”,描写毫无趣味,易让人生厌的人或事物,也指单调重复的工作使人感到疲劳。The difficulty of grasping abstract statements made my learning very tiresome.难以理解的抽象表述使我对学习感到厌烦。The lecture lasted three hours and it was really tiresome.讲座持续了三个小时,的确令人劳累。
9、electric, electrical
1 ). electric为“电的,用电的,带电的”,指任何电动的或发电的装置,被修饰的物体本身可带电。如: electric light, electric stove, electric piano, electric motor, electric bell。又如: Please connect the two electric wires.请将这两根电线接起来。 With this electric blanket, the grandpa won't feel cold in winter.有了电热毯,到了冬天爷 爷就不觉得冷了。
2). electrical为“电的,与电有关的,电气科学的”,指与电有关的事物,被修饰的词本身并不能带电。 如:electrical engineer, electrical energy, electrical engineering。又如: All the electrical work was done by my younger brother.所有的电工活都由弟弟来干。 He buried himself in an electrical book.他埋头读一本电学方面的书。
10、especial, special
在表示事物不寻常,过分或特殊时,这两个词可以互换使用,只是special较especial普遍。不过,我们通常用special表示一种特别的目的。如:She paid special (especial) attention to clothes.她特别讲究穿着。That's my father's special chair in his office.那是我父亲办公室的专用椅子。These are special shoes made for John.这是专门为约翰做的鞋子。
He has so much energy that he can work as hard as three men. (energy指精力)The successful carrying out of the work is due to his youth and energy. (energy指活力)The energy of the sun has been widely used now. (energy指能量) All the passengers pushed the bus with all their strength, but it refused to move. (strength指力气) As the saying goes, "Unity is strength", let us work hard together to overcome the difficulties. (strength指强度。)
power为“力,力量,能力,权力”。 它是力的总称,指各种力,如电力,动力或某事物的能力。它也可指人所具有的力量,能力,权力及势力等。当指人所具有的力气时,它与strength同义。如: A football player needs power/strength to run with the ball. (power指体力。) I'll do everything in my power to help that old lady. (power指能力。) Electricity gives us power and makes machines work. (power指电力。)
12、everyone, every one
everyone亦作everybody,只指人。它可译作“每个人,人人,大家”。在句子中,只作主语和宾语,其后一般不跟of短语。如:He spoke so slowly that everyone could understand him.他说得很慢,每个人都能听懂。I know everyone in the college.我认识学院的每一个人。
every one不仅可以指人,还可指物,即“每个(人或物),所有的”,其后可跟of短语。如:I don't know every one of them.这些人我并不是个个都认识。I have five pictures. Every one of them is very beautiful.我有五张照片,每一张都很漂亮。
13、engaged in, engaged to
1).engaged in表示“从事,忙于”,用在连系动词be后作表语,指一种状态,介词in后接表示工作、活动的名词或动名词。如: Sister Liu is engaged in making clothes for an orphan.刘大姐正忙于替一位孤儿做衣服。
2).engaged to表示“与……订婚”,用于连系动词be, get等后作表语,用be时表示状态,用get时表示动作,介词to后接一个人的名词或代词,如: When travelling in Europe he got engaged to an Italian girl.他在欧洲旅行时与一位意大利女孩订婚了。 Shelley is engaged to Scott.雪利与斯高特订婚了。
14、except, except for, excepting
这三个词都表示“除……之外“的意思,其含义和用法有别。except是一个介词,指从整体里“减去”一部分,与介词besides(“除了……还”)相对。其后可接名词,代词,副词,介词短语等。如: All except Comrade Wang are present.除了王同志全体都到了。 I looked everywhere except there.除了那里以外,我到处都看了。 I went nowhere except to the factory.除了去工厂外,我哪儿都没去。 His books seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be.他的书似乎放得都不是地方。
except for是一短语介词,常常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,因而部分地修正了句中的主要意义。如: This machine is of a new type except for a few short-comings here and there.这台机器是新型的,除了某些地方有些缺点。 Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了少许拼写错误外,写得很好。
excepting是分词介词,一般用于句首或not, without, always等后面,其后多接名词或代词。如: There is nobody in the room excepting John.除了约翰外,房子里没有其他人。 Everybody must study, not excepting those who have a better grasp of Marxism.每个人都必须学习,对马克思主义懂得较多的人也不例外。 Excepting Sundays the stores are open daily.除星期日以外,这些商店每天都开门。
15、English, the English
1). English指英国人的国语“英语”,如learn English, speak English。 the English指某种特别的英语,如the English of Shakespeare (莎士比亚的英语),the English of the sixteenth century (16世纪的英语)。 又如: What's the English for the Chinese?(相当于the English word。) The book is translated from the English. (相当于the English original。)
2).the English还可作“英国人”解,指总称,被看作为复数名词。如: The English drink more tea than any other nation.英国人比其他民族更爱喝茶。 The English have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人非常有幽默感。
16、exhibit, exhibition
exhibit在用作名词时,往往与exhibition混淆。其实它们的词义是不同的。exhibit表示一件或一宗“展览品,陈列品”,构成exhibition(展览会)的一部分,有时可以指小型的“展览会”。如:Don't touch the exhibits!勿摸展品!We visited an exhibit of oil painting yesterday.我们昨天参观了油画展览。
exhibition主要表示一种大型的“展览会”,如商品,珍品或艺术品展览会等,它亦可表示一种“展览”或“表演”的动作。 In Beijing they went to the art exhibition. 在北京,他们去参加了美术展览会。The country holds an economic and trade exhibition every year.这个国家每年举行一次经贸展览会。They placed artistic handcrafts on exhibition last month.他们上个月展出了手工艺品。 An exhibition match of Ping Pong will take place next week.下星期将举行一次乒乓表演赛。
17、enter, enter into
这两者都可指“进入”。
1).enter可作及物动词,一般指进入一个具体地点或事物,如场所,建筑物等。它也可指“参加”,含有到里面去工作或学习等意思,如参加战争,军队,入学,入院等:enter the room / town / shop / party / army / war / university / hospital。
2).enter into常用于抽象或借喻的说法中,如进入生活,谈话,讨论,解释及参加某项活动等:enter into public life/conversation/discussion/explanation/politics。enter into也可用于特别强调深入某具体场所或某物的场合。如:We entered into a woody mountain.我们置身于一个树木繁多的山林中。Some poison has entered into his body.一些毒素已侵入他的体内。
18、even, even though, though
这一组词十分容易混淆。
1).even是副词,作“甚至”解,用来强调语气。它在句中的位置应靠近所强调的词或短语,否则会引起歧 义。体会以下各句意思: She would not even enter my room.她甚至不进我的房间。 Even she would not enter my room.甚至连她也不进我的房间。 She would not enter even my room.她甚至连我的房间也不进来。
2).even though (= even if)和though都为连词,前者为“即使,纵使”,表示退一步设想,引导一个条件状语从句,含有不肯定的意味;后者为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句,表示的是一种事实。
参见下列两个例句,前一句表示一种设想与假设,后一句表示“他确实知道”的事实。 He will not tell us the secret, even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell us the secret though he knows it.虽然他知道这个秘密,但却不肯说出来。
This film is fairly good.这部电影还可以看看。 Your composition is quite good.你的作文还不错。 His homework is rather good.他的作业相当不错。
又如: This book is fairly easy.这本书还算浅易。 He is quite grown up.他差不多长大成人了。 That is rather hard to explain right away.要立即说明是颇有难度的
2).fairly只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词,如可以说She is fairly clever,不可说She is fairly foolish。rather主要用于贬义,如rather poor/bad/stupid/ugly,但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前,具有比fairly更强烈的褒义,相当于very,如rather good/ well/pretty /clever。
另外,若在没有褒贬意义的词前用fairly,表示说话人赞同;若用rather,则表示不赞同。试比较: This soup is fairly hot.这汤蛮热的。 This soup is rather hot.这汤太烫了。 She is fairly tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得算是高了。 She is rather tall for her age.就她的年龄来说,她长得过于高了。
3).rather可与too及比较级连用,而fairly和quite则不可。如: My mother is rather better today.我母亲今天病好多了。 This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors. 这本书对低年级学生说来未免太难,对高年级学生说来又嫌太容易。
4).quite和rather还可和动词连用,fairly则不可和动词连用。如: This does not quite satisfy me.这没有完全使我满意。 I don't quite follow you.我不大懂你的话。 They rather expected to win the match.他们颇想赢得这场比赛。 I rather like her.我相当喜欢她。
5). quite和rather都可修饰名词,但须放在不定冠词前。如: That was quite an accident.那是一次不太寻常的事故。 It's rather a pity.这真是相当遗憾。当名词前有形容时,quite和rather可放在不定冠词后,也可放在不定冠词前。如:They had a quite good time. 也可说quite a good time。It is a rather cold day. 也可说rather a cold day。
2、familiar with, familiar to
这两个形容词短语都表示“熟悉”的意思,但用法不同。familiar to表示“(某事)对(某人来说)是熟悉的”意思;因此,句子的主语总是表示事物的名词,介词to后接人称名词或代词的宾格形式。例如:This subject is familiar to us.我们熟悉这个课题。These are the rules that are familiar to every schoolboy.这些是一个学童都熟知的规则。
familiar with则表示“(某人)对(某事)是熟悉的,精通的”的意思。因此,句中的主语总是人称名词或代词,介词with后接事物名词。如:We are all familiar with the three states of matter.我们都熟悉物质的三态。They are familiar with English.他们精通英语。
The man fell/dropped from the top of the building.(两者都指无意识的行为。) Her hair falls to her shoulders.(指无意识的行为。) Many trees fell in the storm.(指无意识的行为。) One after another, all three of them fell asleep. fall作连系动词。) He dropped a letter into the post-box.(指有意识的行为。) The enemy plane dropped several bombs.(指有意识的行为。)
4、famous for, famous as
这两个形容词短语都表示“以……而出名”的意思。但在用法和含义上有异。
famous for 主要有三种用法: 1.主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意为“以某种知识技能,作品或特征而出名”。 2.主语为地点名词时,表示“以某种特产或特征出名”。 3.主语为事物名词时,表示“以其内容,特征,价值等而被人所知”。如: He is famous for his skill in playing football.他因球艺而出名。 The area is famous for its green tea.这个地区以产绿茶而著称。 Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery.桂林因美丽的风景而著称。 This grammar book is famous for its practical usage.这部语法书以其实用而出名。
famous as 也有三种用法: 1.当主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意指“以某种身份或职业而出名”。 2.当主语为地点名词时,表示“作为什么产地或地方而出名”。 3.当主语为事物名词时,表示“以某种形式而出名”。如: Mark Twin was famous as a children-story writer.马克.吐温作为儿童故事作家而著称。 This area is famous as a green tea producing place.这个地区作为绿茶产地而著名。 This book is famous as a reference book.这本书作为参考书而出名。
5、farther
further这两个词都是far的比较级形式。
1.farther和further都可指具体的距离,即空间时间上的“较远”。如: Let's not go any farther/further.我们别再走了吧。 The service desk is at the farther/further end of the hall.咨询处在大厅稍往里的地方。
2.further还可用于抽象的引申义,如时间,程度和数量等,表示“进一步,更进一层”,此时,不能与 farther换用。如: I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这个问题,我还可以给你一些 信息。 The problem will be further discussed at the class meeting. 这个问题在班会上还将进一步讨论。
6、favourable, favoured, favourite
这三个形容词尽管词根相同,但在意义上有所差异。favourable主要有下列三种意思:1. 赞许 2.有利的 3.讨人喜欢的,良好的。例如: The teacher made a favourable report on the boy's work at school.教师报告说,该生在校成绩优良。 It was a favourable time for our trip, since business was light.生意清淡,正是我们旅行的好时光。 He made a favourable impression on his future colleagues.他给他未来的同事留下良好的印象。
favoured在表示“有利的(条件或地位等)”的意义时,一般可用favourable代替;有时favourite也有这一含义。此外,它还可表示“受优惠的,优惠的”意思。如: He has gained a favoured (or: favourable/favourite) position.他已取得了有利的地位。This country cannot have the treatment of the most-favoured-nation clause.这个国家不能享有最惠国条款上的待遇。
favourite作形容词时,主要表示“最受人喜欢的”意思。它还可用作名词,表示“最受人喜欢的人或物”。如: My favourite type of food is Chinese food.我最喜欢的食品是中国食品。 Who is your favourite novelist?谁是你最喜欢的作家? He is a favourite writer.他是最受人喜欢的作家。 This book is a great favourite of mine.这是我最喜欢的一本书。 His last son, John, is his favourite.他的小儿子约翰是他最喜欢的。
7、far too, too far
1).修饰形容词和副词的too可以被far修饰,以示强调。far too即表示“实在太,过于”的意思。如: The coffee is far too hot.咖啡过于烫了。 He was at the airport far too early.他来飞机场太早了。
2).too far是“太远了,太过分”的意思。在词组结构里,副词too(过于,太)被用来修饰形容词或副词 far。如: It is too far to the music hall.离音乐厅太远了。 You've gone too far. 太过分了。
3).除far以外,too还可以被all, rather, much等修饰,表示“实在太”,或被a bit修饰,表示“有点儿”。如: The holidays were all too short.假期太短了。 You're going much too fast.你走得太快了。 This dress is a bit too small for me.这条裙子对我来说太小了点儿。
8、find, find out
find是及物动词,表示“找到,发现”的意思,其后可跟名词,复合结构或that从句。如:I have looked for him several hours, but I haven't found him yet.我找了他好几个小时,但还是没有找到。I found it necessary to learn French if you know English.我发现如果你懂英语的话,有必要学法语。
find out是一个短语动词,表示通过研究,观察或调查等一系列工作后“找出或发现”,其后一般跟名词,代词或从句。如:We soon found out that he was a secret agent.我们很快查明他是个特务。They have found out the truth.他们已经查明了真相。
9、fast, quick, rapid
这一组形容词表示“快的,迅速的”。
1).fast多指运动着的人或物体本身具有高速度的特点,或指一段时间内持续的快速运动。quick一般用于指迅速的,一瞬间的或短暂的动作与反应,侧重匆忙的含义,不强调速度。它另可指智力方面反应灵敏, 以下例句和短语中的fast和quick都不能相互替换: a fast runner, a fast train, a fast job, a quick turn, a quick answer, be quick about one's work。
又如: The clock is five minutes fast.这只钟快了五分钟。 He was such a fast talker that nobody could understand him.他说话如此之快,以致于没有人能 听懂他的意思。 She is very quick at learning languages.她学语言很快。 He had a quick mind, and answered all the questions put to him by the reporter.他反应很快,回答了记者提出的所有问题。
2).rapid常与fast相互换用,但前者侧重动作本身,后者常指动作中的人或物体。rapid有急促的含义,它所指的动作可能是一个或一连串的。如:rapid progress, rapid pace, rapid practice。又如: The improvement in her health is rapid.她恢复得很快。 This school promised rapid results in the learning of languages.这所学校承诺在语言学习方面见效相当快。
3).这一组词的副词也有同样的区别。如: He speaks fast. Come here quickly! She ran rapidly up the stairs.
10、first, firstly, at first
first表示“第一,首先”的意思,可以用作形容词或副词。如:This is the first time that I've heard of it.这是我第一次听说。To answer this question, we must consider a few factors first.为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先考虑几个因素。
firstly只用于列举事实或论点,如:第一,第二,最后(firstly, secondly, lastly),此时,可与first, second, last互换使用。如:Firstly (or: First) brush your teeth, secondly (second) wash your face.你先刷牙,后洗脸。
at first表示“起初”的意思,它有at the beginning的含义,主要相对“后来”而言的。如:At first, he found English difficult.他起初觉得英语很难学。If at first you don't succeed, try, try, and try again.如果你第一次未成功,就应该多试几次。
11、fault, mistake
1).fault作“过失,缺点,毛病”解,指道德、性格和习惯上的弱点或行为上的过失,也指违反某一规定所造成的错误。如: He is still a good boy with all his faults.他尽管有这样那样的过错,但还是一个好孩子。 It was the boy's fault. He didn't obey the traffic rules.是那个孩子不好,是他没有遵守交通规则。
2).mistake作“错误,过失,误会”解,指因认识不足或判断失误而无意中犯下的错误。如: Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, I'll give you a change. 因为很多人在一生中都会犯错误,所以我会给你一个机会。 The mistake was made entirely through your fault.出了这个错完全是由于你的过失。
12、for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at the moment
for a moment常与持续性动词连用,表示“一会儿,片刻”的意思。如:Please wait for a moment.请等一下。He read the paper for a moment and went out.他看了一会儿报纸,就出去了。
for the moment常用于现在时,意为“暂时,目前”。如:Stop discussing for the moment, please.请暂停讨论。Let's leave things as they are for the moment.让我们暂时维持现状吧。
in a moment常与终止性动词连用,一般用于将来时,表示“一会儿,立即,马上”等意义。如:I'll come back in a moment.我马上就回来。He'll meet you in a moment.他一会儿就见你。
at the moment用于现在时,表示“此刻”的意思;用于过去时,表示“那时”的意思。如:I'm busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。I was busy at the moment.我那时很忙。
13、festival, holiday, vacation
1).festival意为“节日”,指喜庆日和持续一段时间的文娱活动,如the Spring Festival(春节),the film festival(电影节),the TV festival(电视节)。
2).holiday为“假日,休息日”,主要指按风俗习惯或法律规定的纪念日及休息日。其复数形式可表示延续一段时间的“假期”,美式英语中则习惯用单数。如:a pleasant Roman holiday (愉快的罗马假日), the Christmas holidays (圣诞节假期),the school holiday (学校的假期)。
free用作副词时,主要表示下列两种意义:1.“自由地,随意地(in a free manner)” 2.“免费地”。如:Don't let the dog run free on the main road.不要让狗在公路上随意乱串。Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.婴儿乘公共汽车可以免费。
I freely admit that what I said was wrong.我主动承认我所说的不对。 You may speak quite freely in front of me. I shall not tell anyone what you say.在我面前,你可以坦诚地谈,我不会把你说的话告诉别人的。 Oil the wheel, then it will turn more freely.给轮子上点油,那么它会转得更好。 He gives freely to many organizations that help the poor.他对那些帮助穷人的组织慷慨援助。 The wound was bleeding freely.伤口大量出血。
15、fine, good, well
这三个形容`词都表示“好”。
1).fine作“好”解时,程度胜过good。它可以指人的身体安好,还可用来指优秀,高尚,优美,文雅,令人满意,天气晴朗等。它另可表示纤弱,稀薄,细致,精致,单纯等。如fine weather (好天气), fine artist (优秀的艺术家),fine salt (精制盐),fine gold (纯金)。
2).good是一个意义极其广泛的词,几乎可用来指除“健康”以外的所有的“好”,如美好,美丽,良好, 愉快,高明,充分,完全,适当,正确,有效,亲切,有礼貌,精神好及质量好等。如:good days, good students, a good chance, a good book, good looks。
3).well用作形容词时,只能表示身体和情况的“良好”,即指身体正常或痊愈,情况顺利或处于令人满意的状态,不能用来指工作,学习与劳动等方面的“好”。它着重指一时的或某一段时间的状态。well在句中只能作表语,不能作定语。试比较: He looks good.他看来是个好人。 He looks well.他看来很健康。 I'm feeling very good.我感到情绪很好。 I'm feeling very well.我感到身体很好。
又如: The patient didn't feel well after the operation.术后,病人没有感到身体有好转。 I am not well.My head aches.我不太舒服,头很疼。 Everything is well with us.我们一切都好。 All is not well in that mountainous country.那个山村的情况不太好。
gaze为“凝视”,指聚精会神地注视,含有倾慕,神往或惊喜等意味。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:He gazed into the blue sky.他出神地望着蓝天。She gazed at/on the film star with admiration.她带着倾慕的眼神看着那个影星。
glare为“怒视”,指凶狠愤怒地注视,强调敌对的态度。它常和介词at连用。如:The angry farther glared at his daughter.怒气冲冲的父亲愤怒地看着自己的女儿。The men who were fighting glared at each other.正在打架的两个人愤怒地看着对方。
stare为“盯着看,呆看”,指出于惊奇或痴呆,无礼地,目不转睛地看。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:His eyes were staring at her like those of a wild animal.他的眼睛像野兽般地盯着她看。He stared on the foreigner in wonder.他好奇地盯着那个外国人看。
3、get in, get on
这两个短语均可表示“上车”。get in后接小轿车,出租车等小型车辆。由于其车身较低,只有进入的概念,没有上的概念。get on后接公交车,火车等大型车辆,以及飞机,自行车,摩托车,马匹等,指上车上马时要脚登上阶梯或踏脚等。表示“下车,下马”时,也相应地用get out of a car/taxi 及get off a bus/train/horse等。如:
They invited us to get in the car and go to the amusement park.他们邀请我们上车去游乐场玩。 When the singer got out of the taxi, he was welcomed by a group of young people.当这位歌手走出车门时受到了一群年轻人的欢迎。 They are calling us to board the plane; let's get on. 他们在叫我们登机,我们走吧。
4、get into trouble, go to the trouble
get into trouble为“出事,遇到麻烦”,指由于行为不慎等原因而招惹麻烦,陷入困境。如: If you go this way, you might get into trouble with the police.如果你这么做的话,警方会找你的麻烦。 He has got into trouble; let's go and help him.他遇到了麻烦,我们去帮助他吧。
此结构中的get也可作及物动词,后接宾语,表示“使某人陷入困境”。如:His bad habit was always getting him into trouble.他的坏习惯使他惹上了麻烦。
go to the trouble为“费事,不辞辛苦”, 指主动地去承担麻烦,后可接动词不定式或接of短语。它与take the trouble同义。如: The host went to the trouble to make me comfortable.主人为了我的舒适而不辞麻烦。She went to the trouble of shortening the trousers for her younger brother.她主动揽下了把她弟弟的裤子改小的任务。
为了加强语气,此结构中的trouble前可用a lot of等修饰语代替the。如:I'll stay here for dinner, but please do not go to a lot of trouble for me.我会留下来吃饭,但请别特地为我做很多菜。
5、gift, present
这两个词皆可作“礼物”解,常可互换使用。gift的基本含义是强调give(给),表示一种“赠与”,它可指新的,珍贵的礼物,也可指一件旧的物品。它不强调给予者与受予者之间的关系,不具有为所接受的东西付酬谢的含义,也排除了回报之意。如: He gave gifts of money to the poor. 他将钱赠予穷人们。The gold chain was a Christmas gift from her aunt. 这条金链子是她阿姨送给她的圣诞礼物。
present专指为表达敬意、亲情、友谊而赠送的实物,强调赠送者与接受者之间的亲密关系。如:Students exchange presents on New Year's Eve. 除夕之夜,学生们互赠礼物。
6、give away, give way
这两个动词词组意义完全不同。give away是一个及物动词词组,后需接宾语,它的主要意义为“分发(奖品,考卷,书本等物品),失去(机会),泄露(底细,机密,想法)”。如: The principal gave away the prizes at the sports meeting.校长在运动会上颁奖。 You have given away a good chance.你失去了一个良机。 The heroic girl refused to give away the secret to the enemy.女英雄在敌人面前拒绝泄漏秘密。
give way是一个动宾结构的词组,后面不能再接宾语。它主要用来指人显示谦让和屈服的“让路,让步”,以及具体事物的“崩塌"。如: The boy gave way to the old lady.这男孩给一位老太太让路。 It's his mother's fault for giving way to him too often.老是迁就这孩子是他妈妈的错。 The old wall gave way and injured three children.这堵墙崩塌了,致使三个孩子受伤。
7、give in, give up
这两个短语动词作“投降”讲时,通常可以互换使用。如:Completely surrounded by our troops, the enemy finally gave in / up.由于我军将敌军团团围住,他们终于投降了。
give in还可表示“屈服;让步”的意思,此时它作不及物动词用,后不能跟宾语。如:Stubborn as he was, he finally gave in.他虽然很固执,但最后还是让步了。Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in.双方都振振有词地辩论着,可谁也不服谁。
give up 则还可表示“放弃(希望);戒除”的意思,作及物动词用,其后接名词或动词作宾语。如:All hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search abandoned.要找到那架失踪的飞机已经毫无希望,于是搜索停止了。He soon gave up smoking when he heard the medical report.他听了那次医学报告后,不久就把烟戒了。
8、give off, give out
这两个短语都表示“散发,发出”之意,一般可以换用,但侧重点有所不同。give off通常用来表示“散发,发出”某种气体或气味。如: Boiling water gives off steams.开水散发出蒸汽。 This milk must be bad, for it is giving off a nasty smell.牛奶一定变质了,因为它散发出一种令人恶心的气味。 The chimney no longer gives off volumes of waste gas into the atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.加装了防护过滤器以后,这烟囱已不再向空中散发成股的废气了。
give out 则通常用来表示“散发”某种光,声,热,信号等物理现象。此外,它还可以表示“分发,宣布,耗尽”等现象。如: The leaves gave out a whirring sound.树叶发出沙沙声。 The sun gives out light and heat to the earth.太阳向地球发出光和热。 The ship gave out radio signals for help.船发出无线电信号求助。 The government gave out food to people out of work.政府向失业者分发食品。 He gave out that the president was dead.他宣布说总统去世了。 It was feared that food supplies would give out before the besieged town could be relieved.都害怕在那城市解围之前断了粮。 Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.赶了很长一段路后,人马俱乏。
9、glad, happy, pleased
glad为“高兴的,乐意的”,指一时短暂的强烈喜悦,只能用于人。它只能作表语,不作定语,后可接介词of短语,不定式或that从句。如:I'm glad of your success in the games.你在比赛中获得胜利,我为你感到高兴。We're glad that you have won the gold medal.我们很高兴你能获得金牌。
happy为“幸福的,高兴的”,隐含一种强烈的满足感,可用于人或事物。它可作定语及表语,后可接介词 about, at, over, with短语及不定式或that从句。如:The story has a happy end.这个故事的结局皆大欢喜。I am so happy that you could visit us.很高兴你能来看我们。
pleased为“喜悦的,满足的”,指持续时间较长的喜悦,只能用于人。它多作表语,很少被用作定语,它的后面可接介词at, about, with短语,不定式或that 从句。如:There is nothing to be pleased about.没什么可高兴的。Mother was pleased with my full mark in arithmetic.我算数得了满分,妈妈很高兴。
10、go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但用法和含义上有差异。go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再“继续”做下去。它还可表示“一直做某事”。如:Although it was late, she went on working.虽然很晚了,她还继续工作着。After a short break, he went on reading the text.暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。You shouldn't go on living in this way!你总不能一直就这么生活下去。
go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再“接着”去做另一件事。如:He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了谈世界形势。Father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went on to say that grandmother was coming to take care of us.父亲说母亲已经住院去了,接着又说祖母将来照料我们。
go on with 是一个动副介型短语动词,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如:May I go on with my work now?我现在可以继续做我的工作了吗?Please go on with your story.请继续讲你的故事。
11、gold, golden
gold为“金的,金制的”,表示是真金的质地;golden 为“金的,金色的”,指金黄色的外表。golden还常用于引申意义,含有贵重,重要,幸运等意思。试比较:a gold watch 金表 -- a golden watch 金色的表再如:gold coin (金币), gold bar (金条), gold mine (金矿), gold chain (金链条), golden hair (金发), golden sunlight (金色的阳光), golden age (黄金时代), golden years (金色的年华), golden saying(金玉良言)。
12、go to school, go to the school
这两个词组只有冠词之差,但意义迥然不同。go to school是习语,表示“上学(求学)”的意思;go to the school是指到一所特指的学校去,不一定是去求学,可能是因为有什么事情需去办等等。如:Is he old enough to go to school?他够入学年龄了吗?I'll go to the school to talk with the master.我将去学校与校长谈谈。
13、go to sea, go to the sea
go to sea属习语,它表示“去当水手,出航”的意思。
go to the sea 则表示“去某一特定的海边”的意思。试比较:The boy was tired of looking for a job near his home and eventually decided to go to sea.这孩子不愿在他家附近工作,最后便决定当水手。Owing to a high wind, the ship could not go to sea.由于大风,船不能启航。They usually go to the sea in midsummer.他们通常在仲夏时到海滨去。
14、good at, good with
good at 指“擅长于,善于某一科目、某种业余消遣或某种活动”,其后接名词或动名词。如:He is good at maths.他擅长数学。We are not only good at destroying the old world. We are also good at building the new one.我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界,我们还善于建设一个新世界。
good with 通常指“善于使用,处理某物或对待某人”,其后通常接表示工具,人体器官或人的名词。如:He was good with his hands and heads.他心灵手巧。He is good with these tools.他善于使用这些工具。She understands children, so she is good with them.她了解孩子们,所以与他们相处得很好。
15、good for, for good
good for是一个形容词短语,可以表示下列三种意义:1.价值为...;有支付...能力的2.有效的;对......有利3.有必需的精力,意愿。例如: It is a coupon good for 100 pounds.那是一张价值一百英磅的息票。 He is good for a thousand dollar contribution.他能捐献一千美元。 This battery is good for three months.这种电池大约可用三个月。 The return half of the ticket is good for three months.回程票有效期为三个月。 This dictionary is good for your English study.这本辞典对你的英语学习有益。 This kind of medical herb is good for T.B.这种草药对结核病有疗效。 He is good for several years' more service.他还有精力再服务几年。
for good是一个介词短语,for是介词,good是名词;在句中充当时间状语,表示“永久地,一劳永逸地”的意思。如:He says that he is leaving the country for good.他说他此次出国将不再回来了。He hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.他希望这次修好后,漏处不再漏了。
16、gone, lost, missing
gone表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能做定语。如:My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。She looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。
lost 表示“丢失”,含有失去后难以回归的意味,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:The parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。His elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。
missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:My Japanese-Chinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。The police are trying their best to find the missing school-girl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。
grateful for指“为……表示感激“,其中的介词for表示原因,宾语通常是某一件事。如: I shall be deeply grateful to our Workers' Union as long as I live. 我一辈子都深深感谢我们的工会。 I'll be very grateful to you if you will give me an early answer. 如果您能早点给我答复,我将非常感激您。 We're grateful for all that you've done to us.对你所做的一切,我们表示万分感谢。
介词to和for可同时与grateful连用,to短语应置于for短语之前。如: I'm very grateful to you for having taken so much trouble.对您的不辞麻烦我们表示非常感激。 They were particularly grateful to us for our timely help.他们对我们所给予的及时的帮助表示了特别的感谢。
1、hair, a hair, hairs
hair指人或动物的“头发,毛发”。hair可指人或动物的全部“头发,毛发”,强调整体。作此解时,它是不可数名词。充当主语,用单数形式。如: What lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的头发真美! My mother's black hair was going gray.我妈妈的黑发正在变白。
a hair是指“一根头发或毛发”,此时的hair是可数名词的单数形式。如: I found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上发现一根金发。 The little boy has got a white hair on his head.这个小男孩的头上有一根白发。
hairs指“多根头发或毛发”,它是可数名词的复数形式,其前可有数词或表示数量的a few, several, many等词修饰。如: The cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那只猫粘得我衣服上都是猫毛。 My aunt has a few gray hairs.我的婶婶已有几根白发。
2、hand on, on hand
hand on是一动副型短语动词,一般用作及物动词,表示“传下去;转交”等意思。例如:Everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每个人都应把这看一下,所以你看完后,请往下传。 That family trait is handed on from father to son.那种家风是父子相传的。 Would you hand on this telegram to your friend?你把这份电报转交给你的朋友好吗?
on hand是一习语,在句中作表语或状语,意为“现有在手头的;准备好了的”和“在近处,在手边;临近”等,含有即将来临的意味。例如: I am sorry I have no cash on hand.对不起,我手头没有现金。 Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.学习时要随时把词典放在手边。 Soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.学期即将结束,假期就要来临。
3、happen, take place
这两者都表示“发生”。
happen为“发生,(偶然)发生”,较多地用来指某个事件的突然发生,强调其偶然性,主语往往是事件,事故等一类的词汇。它也可后接动词不定式,及用于It happens that...结构,表示“碰巧”的意义。如: The road accident happened under my eyes.我亲眼目睹了这场交通事故。 I never know what's going to happen next.我永远不知道将会发生什么。 My cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。 How does it happen that you know her?你怎么会碰巧认识她的?
take place为“发生,举行”,常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行,不含偶然的意味。如: When does the popular concert take place? 这场流行音乐会几时开始? The talk is planned to take place in the Great Hall of the People on December 9. 这次会谈将定于十二月九日在人民大会堂举行。 The conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 这个由我校校长参加的会议是在几个小时前举行的。 Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以来,我们的国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。
在不强调偶然性与计划性的场合,两者有时可以通用。如:What has happened / taken place?发生了什么? The May Fourth Movement happened / took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年。
4、hanged, hung
动词hang的过去式和过去分词分别有两种形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由于它们的意义不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是动词hang作“绞杀,吊死”讲时的过去式或过去分词。例如:The judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判处罪犯绞刑。She hanged herself.她上吊死了。
hung是动词hang作 "悬、挂"的意思时的过去时或过去分词。例如:The hall is hung with red flags.大厅里挂着红旗。I hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把画挂了起来。
例如:Many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以来,我国发生了很多变化。We happened to be only two miles short of the plant.当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。It happened that she was there.恰好她在那儿。
happen to是一习语,意为“临到,发生于”,其中to是介词,后接表示人或事物的名词或代词,主语通常是anything, something, what等。例如:If anything happens to him, let me know.如果他发生意外,就通知我。What happened to the machine?机器出了什么毛病?
6、harm, hurt, injure, wound
这一组动词均表示“伤害,损害”。
harm表示引起对身体,物质或精神上的严重损害,常指伤害人的肉体,损坏东西以及损害健康,品 质,事业等。如: Hard drinking will harm your stomach.过量饮酒会伤胃。 I don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我认为那些神话故事不会对我们的学生有害处。 There was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戏院完好无损。
hurt常指思想感情方面的伤害,含有引起极大苦恼之意。当指肉体上的伤害时,强调疼痛的剧烈程 度。hurt的过去分词只能作表语,不能作定语,而本组内的其他动词则无此限制。如: It hurts me when you talk like that.你那样同我说话,我很心痛。 My head still hurts.我的头仍然很疼。 She was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到没被邀请去参加那个聚会,她就感到受到了伤害。
injure着重指人的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的损害,常与harm通用,但更强调伤势的严重。它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.
wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。
hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。
hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。
8、have a word with, have words with
have a word with表示“和……谈谈,说几句话”的意思。这种谈话往往是不够充分详尽的,或者说是很随便的。例如:I'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你说几句。I had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我们在药店偶然相遇的时候,我有机会和他交谈了一下。
have words with用于贬义,表示“和……发生口角,与...争吵”的意思,相当于quarrel with 。例如:They had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他们因一些琐事与邻居发生口角。They've had words with each other, I hear.听说,他们发生过口角。
9、have, there be
have表示某人或某事物“拥有,具有,含有某人,某事物或某性质”,强调占有。如: The poor fellow had neither friends nor money.那个穷家伙既没有朋友也没有钱。 This sentence has two different meanings.这句话有两个不同的意思。 These two short stories have much in common.这两个小故事有很多相似之处。
there be表示某处“有”某人或某事物,强调存在。此结构中的there本身没有“在那里”的意思,需要 表达该意义时,句末须另加there。there be句型为倒装结构,谓语动词要和后面的主语保持人称与数上 的一致。当有几个并列的主语时,一般应以最靠近谓语动词的主语为准。此结构中还可以用助动词及情 态动词。如:
There are exceptions to every rule.每个规则都有例外。 There was an apple tree and four pear trees in their courtyard. 他们的大庭院里有一棵苹果树和四棵梨树。 There used to be a chemical works there.那儿以前有个化工厂。 There can't be more than five or six hotels in this town. 在这个镇上,不可能有超过五六家宾馆。 Let's get through the work quickly. There seems to be little time left. 我们赶快把工作完成,时间好像所剩无几。
10、have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing
have sth. done主要有两种用法和意义: 1. 表示“使(让,要,叫)某事被做”,强调主语意志,过去分词done所表示的动作由他人完成。2. 以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此时,done所表示的动作执行者不明。在使用中,done由其他实义动作执行者代替。例如: I have my photograph taken.我(让人)照了个相。 I had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(让人)把我的表修了。 He had his arm broken.他的胳膊折断了。 He had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中烧光了。
have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用来表示“让(使)某人做某事”的意思,动词do和doing的动作均由sb.执行。这两个词组不同的是前者的do表示一般意义,而后者的doing则强调一直做某个动作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他实义动词代换。例如:I had him take my photograph.我让他给我照相。He had Joe clean his shoes.他要乔给他擦鞋。Try to have her speaking!设法让她继续说话。
11、have to, must
have to 和must 都可用来表示义务,有时可通用。前者比较强调客观需要,后者则着重说明主观看法, 表示个人的意志。试比较: You shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他们要你这周完成这项工作的话,你就得努力工作。(表示外界条件的客观需要。) I must go there to help the poor. 我必须去帮助那些穷人们。(表示说话人自己的看法。)
在某些不需要强调这两种差别的场合,两者可以互相换用。如: I am afraid we have to / must leave now.我们恐怕必须得走了。
must还能表示一种揣测,作“一定,必定是”解,have to则无此意义。如:This must be the book you want. 这一定是你要的书。 He must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少时间写这份报告。
高考必背英语词汇讲座-I字头
1、if only, only if
由这两个词组引导的条件从句虽然都可以用来表示主句所需要的 "条件",但是两者在表示说话人的语义意图方面却有差异。1. only if 引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的时候,唯一的条件是...”的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。
例如:He will succeed only if he does his best.他只有尽力而为才能成功。I'll come only if you really need me.只有当你真正需要我的时候,我才来。Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。
if only引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于as long as。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。
例如:If only I were as clever as you!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没有把我的话告诉汤姆就好了,那样就不会出什么问题了。It is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.错误总是难免的,只要认真地改正,也就好了。
2、if, whether
这两个词都是指“是否”,用来表示犹豫不定,引出包含正反两面的疑问。
1).一般情况下两者可以替换使用,但whether显得正式一些。例如:I am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会举行运动会。
2).但在引导表语从句,同位语从句,在不定式之前,介词之后及句首时,只能用whether。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这样做是否值得。We had no idea whether he had gone without Jane.我们不知道他有没有带着简一起走。He doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道该不该接受帮助。It depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间去做这件事。Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
需注意,当if置于句首时,只能引导状语从句,表示“假如”,不能引导名词性从句。
3).倘若引导的是一个选择疑问句,则以用whether更为妥当。若要用if引导的话,if和or not中间必须有词语隔开,不能连写。如可以说 I wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以说 I don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而须将if改成whether。
4).有时用if可能会产生歧义,如Tell me if you want the book.可有两种解释:“假如你需要这本书,请告诉我”,或“请告诉我你是否要这本书”。若用whether的话,则只能作第二种解释。
1)in addition是一介词短语,作副词用,相当于词组as well,其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分,一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中时,常用一逗号与句子隔开。例如:There are many shops around the railway station. In addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火车站附近有很多商店,此外,还有一些新建的旅馆。Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 玛丽舅母为我们去郊游准备了三明治,另外还准备了一袋甜饼。
2) in addition to是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词等作其宾语,意义大体相当as well as和 besides。如:In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英语以外,他还必须学习第二外语。They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他们有一小时读报的时间。
4、ill, sick
这两个形容词都有“生病的,身体不适”的意思。
ill作上述解释时,通常在句中作表语或补语,不作定语,它的后面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“坏的,恶劣的,邪恶的”解时,只能作定语。如:He has long been ill with high fever.他一直在发高烧。That ill woman killed her own daughter.那个坏女人杀了自己的女儿。She became ill from anxiety.她由于焦虑而病倒了。
如:She got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此处的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顾这个病人每月可赚五百元。My daughter was sick with a cold.我的女儿是因感冒而病的。He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一启航,他就开始晕船了。The little girl is obviously sick for home.很明显,这个小女孩想家了。I am sick of his bad manners.他的不良举止真让我厌恶。The old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那个老人对生活感到厌倦,真想死了算了。
5、intend, mean, propose
这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。
intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指经过考虑后打定主意要做某事或获得某物,常带有坚定的决心。常跟不定式及其复合结构,常用短语:intend for 打算送给/供...使用;intend...as...打算...He explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他详细地向她解释了下周打算做什么。Having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音乐天赋,好像生来就是为了登台演唱的。
mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心,短语:mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other.每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然是天生的一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back.当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。Summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般来说,最终所达到效果总要比计划的好或差。
6、in advance, in advance of
in advance是介词短语,在句中作副词用,作方式状语,表示“事先,预先,提前”等意。例如:It is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我们最好是事先阅读特殊仪器的说明。The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.这个铁矿提前一个月完成了国家生产计划。
in advance of是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:In the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 游行中,乐队将走在足球队的前面。Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的时代。
7、in case, in case of, in the case of
in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。
in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。
in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。
8、in a word, in word, in words
in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思相同。该结构中的a也可用one代替。例如:His condition is, in a word, becoming worse.他的状况,简而言之,越来越差。Lily is clever, polite and well-behaved. In a word, she is worth praising. 莉莉聪明又懂礼貌,总而言之,值得表扬。
in word为“口头上”,指以口头的形式表示,而并非落实在行动上。它与in deed(行动上)相对。例如:He is a friend in word only.他只是一个普通朋友。I don't want you simply to promise me in word that you will be good. 我不想你只是在口头上答应你会好好干。
in words为“用语言”,指用口头或书面语言的形式表示及描述,它不和行动相对,仅涉及语言文字本身。如:He never expressed his idea in words.他从来不说出自己的想法。The little boy can describe the beauty of the scene in words. 这个小男孩能用语言描述美丽的景色。
9、in charge, in charge of, in the charge of
in charge是一用作表语或后置定语的介词短语,意为“负责,看管”。句子的主语一般应是表示人的名词或代词,charge可以有形容词修饰。例如:John was in complete charge while the manager was on holiday. 约翰在经理度假时负全责。The person in overall charge was Jones. 总负责人是琼斯。
in charge of和in the charge of都是属于短语介词,其后都接名词或代词作宾语。它们虽然只有冠词之差,但意义却有差异。in charge of表示“管理,看管”的主动意义,因此,句子的主语往往是人。
in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被动意义,句子的主语一般是物,在使用过程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:He will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他将暂时负责那项工作。An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位经验丰富的工人负责这项工程。The documents are in the charge of Comrade Lee. 文件由李同志保管。
10、in favour, in favour of
in favour是一介词短语,在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,意为“受赏识的;受欢迎的”,有被动的含义。例如:That child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那个小孩显然很受宠爱,她多得了一块饼干。The delegation is in favour.代表团受到了欢迎。
in favour of是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词作其宾语,构成介词短语。在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,表示“赞成,支持”和“有利于...”等意。作后种意义时,该词组可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:The majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多数人赞成已提出来的立法。Those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些赞成新计划的人请举手。The evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 证据看来对被告有利。The exchange rate is in our favour. 兑换率对我们有利。
11、in one's mind, on one's mind
in one's mind用于表示“想着,考虑”的场合,所想着的事情不带有沉重和焦虑的含义。on one's mind用于表示“惦记,操心,焦虑”的场合,表示心中想的是重要的,严肃的或是不愉快的事情。例如:I wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什么。I turned the question over in my mind. 我反复考虑了这个问题。She has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦记着。There are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。
12、in time, on time
in time有两个意思,既可表示“及时”,后常接for引起的介词短语,表示目的;还可表示“最终”的意思。例如:Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及时采取预防措施收到了良好的效果。I was just in time for the steamer. 我正好赶上轮船。The candle-light will in time go out of itself. 烛火终会熄灭的。You will learn how to do it in time. 你最终会学会怎样干这件事的。
on time表示“准时,按时”的意思,in time也有这一种意思,但不常见。此外,在美国英语中,它还表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:All the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有来宾都准时出席了会议。In spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 尽管我们动身晚,我们还是设法准时到了。The more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比较昂贵的商品常以分期付款的形式购买。
高考必背英语词汇讲座-J字头
1、job, labour, work
这一组名词都表示“工作”。
job指具体的“工作,职业”,特别是指有报酬的工作。它是可数名词。如:He has a good job in a bank.他在银行有一份很好的工作。They were paid according to the number of jobs they completed.他们是按劳计酬的。
labour指艰苦的劳动,尤指繁重的体力劳动。当用来指脑力劳动时,强调绞尽脑汁的艰辛。它可作可数名词及不可数名词。如:physical labour(体力劳动), mental labour(脑力劳动),hard labour(苦役),the fruit of one's labours (劳动果实)。
如:That is not easy work.那不是一件容易的工作。What a great work of art!多好的一件艺术作品呀。His complete works have been reprinted.他的著作全集已经被发表了。It takes a lot of work to build an iron works.要建造一家制铁厂需要花许多工夫。
2、join, join in, take part in
这一组词都有“参加”的意思。
join多指加入组织,团体,党派等,有作为其中的一个成员的含义。join后也可接人,表示和某人一起参加某活动。如:It's two years since he joined the club.他参加这个俱乐部已两年了。He joined the army in 1945 and joined the Communist Party next year. 他于一九四五年参军,并在第二年入党。Will you join us?跟我们一起来,好吗?
join in指参加某项游戏,活动,讨论等,in为介词或副词。此短语常用于join sb. in...结构,in后可接名词或动名词,介词in短语有时可以省去。如:Do join us (in the game).跟我们一起做游戏吧。They joined me in congratulating you.他们与我一道向你表示祝贺。Let's join in and give them a warm welcome.让我们也一起给他们以热烈的欢迎。The whole crowd joined in singing the popular song.整个人群都唱起了这首流行歌曲。
take part in多指参加和参与群众性的活动、运动、会议及战争等,含有以主人翁的态度加入其中并发挥一定作用的意思。如:The Union took an active part in the strike.工会在这次罢工中发挥了积极的作用。They took a leading part in the efforts to strengthen the national defense. 他们在加强国防力量方面出了很大力。He took part in the students' movement in the early forties. 在四十年代初,他参加了学生运动。The Swiss didn't take part in the two World Wars. 瑞典没有参加两次世界大战。
3、journey, tour, trip, travel
这一组词都表示“旅行”。
journey一般指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,常表示所花的时间及所走的路程都相当长,而且有最终不一定要回到原出发地的含义,常蕴涵辛苦的意味。有时它也被用来指海上与空中的旅行。如:He decided to make the journey to Dunhuang, and it was rather difficult. 他决定去敦煌旅游,但旅途会很艰难。Life is a long journey from birth to death. 从出生到死亡,人生是一个漫长的旅程。
tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,距离可长可短,常用来指观光与商业旅行等。如:She made a tour of Korea.她去韩国旅行了一次。He has gone on a walking tour.他去参加了步行旅游。
trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如因公出差及游览度假等,它可指海陆空的旅行,并往往暗示会回到原出发地。在比较通俗的用法中,常可代替journey表示长途旅行。如:I am going to make a trip to Hangzhou.我准备去杭州旅游。He took several trips to Shanghai in 1997.在一九九七年,他去了几次上海。
travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤指到国外的旅行,它无定向的目的地,有到各地游历的意味。它表示具体的旅行时常用复数形式。作不可数名词时,常被用来泛指旅行这一行为。如:Did you go to Santiago during your travels?这次旅行你去了圣地亚哥了没有?Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.在茂密的森林中穿梭是很危险的。
高考必背英语词汇讲座-K字头
1、keep doing, keep on doing
这两个词组均用来表示“不断做”的意思,但在涵义上有所不同。
keep doing和keep on doing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思,强调动作连续不断,每隔一会儿发生,这时两者可以换用。不同的是keep doing中的doing是动名词,作宾语。例如:John always kept (on) asking questions.约翰总是问个不停。News of successes keeps (on) pouring in.捷报频传。
keep doing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keep on doing则没有这种用法。例如:We kept working in the fields in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。Why do the dogs keep barking?这些狗为什么不停地叫?
2、keep sb. from doing sth., keep sth. from sb.
keep sb. from doing sth.相当于prevent (or: stop) sb. from doing sth., 意为"阻止某人做某事"。
keep sth. from sb.则表示“将某事瞒着某人”的意思。例如:What kept you from joining me? 什么事情使你不能和我在一起?We must keep them from getting to know our plans.我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。It seems that she keeps something from us.她好像有什么事瞒着我们似的。Why did you keep the truth from me? 你为什么向我隐瞒真相?
3、kind, sort, type
这一组词都表示“种类”,常可互换使用。
kind系普通用语,其含义较模糊,它所指的种类可用任何标准区分,但着重以事物的自然属性和内在性质为标准来区分。kind常和type换用,但在表示动植物的种类,族及牌类游戏时,不能用type代替。如:There are different kinds of animals in Shanghai Wild Animal Park. 在上海野生动物园有许多不同的动物。Computers can actually do many kinds of work. 事实上,电脑能做许多不同的工作。
sort也为普通用语,比kind更口语化,其概念同kind一样很不严密,两者常可互换,但sort常掺杂说话人的主观色彩,带有轻蔑与贬低的含义。如:We talked of all sorts of subjects.我们谈了各种话题。These sorts of people are ready to eat anywhere.这种人总是走到哪里吃到哪里。
4、know, recognize
know为“认识,熟悉,知道”,表示认识或熟悉某人,某事,某地。它可作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语,另可接含形容词及不定式的复合结构。如:Who knows, perhaps he doesn't care about me at all.谁知道呢,也许他根本不在乎我。Have you known Oliver long? I knew him as long ago as the year 1984. 你很久以前就认识奥利福了吗?我在一九八四年的时候就认识他了。I didn't know you were coming today.我不知道你会来。I've never known you so cheerful.我从来不知道你这么开朗。I know her to be a fool.我知道她是个傻瓜。
recognize为“认出,认清,承认”,表示能认出原来认识或曾经见过的人,物及地方,以及承认某事物的客观存在。它只作及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语。如:You have grown so tall that I scarcely recognize you.你长成这么高,我几乎认不出你来了。Did you recognize your uncle at once? 你是不是一下子就认出你的叔叔来了?Presently I recognized that we were in the Atlantic Avenue. 现在我知道我们在亚特兰大大街。
5、keep up, keep up with
keep up既可是动副型短语动词,也可是动介型短语动词,主要表示“(斗志,价格等)不低落”,“维持,继续”等意。可以用于被动语态。例如:Their spirit kept up well in spite of hardships.虽有困难,但他们并不气馁。Prices still keep up.物价仍旧上涨。I hope the weather will keep up.我希望天气继续晴朗。They entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost 10 years. 他们开始通信了,并且把这种通信联系保持了十年之久。
keep up with是一个动副介型短语动词,后须接名词做其宾语,表示“跟上,与...同步前进”的意思,即有强调并行不悖,不掉队的意味。只用于主动语态。例如:He walked so fast that I could hardly kept up with him.他走得那么快,我简直跟不上了。We must keep up with the times. 我们应该跟上时代。
6、knock down, knock out
这两个短语动词是动副型,knock既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。两个短语动词均在句中作谓语,只是意义不同。1. knock down主要表示下列几种意义:1.击倒,打倒 2.拍卖给 3.拆卸,拆散 4.(强迫)减价。例如:He was knocked down by a lorry.他被一辆卡车撞倒了。He knocked his opponent down.他将他的对手击倒。These old houses are to be knocked down.这些旧房子将被拆除。The painting was knocked down to Smith for 5 dollars.那幅画以5美元的价钱卖给史密斯先生了。The machines will be knocked down before being shipped to the Persian Gulf. 这些机器在运往波斯湾之前将被拆卸。He asked '500 for his car, but I managed to knock him down 10 percent.他的汽车要500美元,但我设法使他减价百分之十。
knock out则主要表示下列几种意义:1.敲掉,敲空;2.在拳击中“击倒”对方,使其在规定时间内不能起立 3.比喻用法:“使……震惊,惊奇”。例如:He knocked the nail out.他把钉子敲了出来。He knocked his pipe out before refilling it.再装烟丝之前,他磕出了烟斗里的烟灰。Joe knocked his opponent out in the first round of the contest. 乔在比赛的第一回合中就把对方击倒了。 For a moment he was completely knocked out by the news of his friend's death. 他被他朋友逝世的消息一下子惊得完全呆住。
7、know, know of
know作及物动词,表示“知道,懂得”的意思时,其后一般接表示事物的名词,从句,不定式复合结构。但它表示“认识,了解,熟悉”的意思时,其后多接表示人的名词或代词,也可接事物名词。例如:Do you know their names? 你知道他们的名字吗?Do you know what his name is? 你知道他叫什么名字吗?I never knew him to act without thinking.我从未发现他轻率行事过。I got to know him in the autumn of 1963. 我是在1963年秋天认识他的。
know of亦可解作know about,其后可接表示人或事物的名词,表示“知道(有),听说”的意思,指间接地获得的信息或情况,相当于hear of。例如:How did you come to know of this? 你怎么知道有这事的?I don't know him but I know of him. 我不认识他,但听说过他。
8、known to, known for, known as
这三个形容词短语在使用中均与联系动词be连用,只是在意义上有所不同。
known to表示“为...所熟知”或“闻名于”等意,值得注意的是,在由及物动词know的主动句变被动句时,就要用这种结构。例如:The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.中国人懂得应用火药是在欧洲人之前。Luxun is known to the world. 鲁迅举世闻名。
known for和known as的意义和用法与famous for和famous as相同。如:Hangzhou is known for the West Lake.杭州以西湖而闻名。He is known as a painter. 他以作为一名画家而出名。
高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头
1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone
这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。
lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。In that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。
lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。A lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。He spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。
lonesome : "无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。The house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。You must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because I'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。
2、location, position, situation, spot
这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。
location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。The location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。The location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so Julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。
position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。Can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?Before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。
situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。Despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。The situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。
spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。She was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。
3、later, latter
later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。He reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后
latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期Of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。He has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。
4、lay, lie
这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。
lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:Please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。The road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。These hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。We should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。
lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:Don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。Korea lies to the east of China.朝鲜位于中国东面。You are lying.你在撒谎。He lied to me.他对我撒谎。
5、leave out, leave off
这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。
leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:We must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。Please complete this check properly. The date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。We left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。
leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:Leave off talking!别讲话了!They leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。It is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。
6、living, alive, live, lively
这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。
living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:A living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。No man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。We have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。
alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:Is she still alive?她还活着吗?They are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。An enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。The lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。
live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:This is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。Don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。A live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。It was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。
lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:She is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。The patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。He has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。What lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。He gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。
7、learn, study
learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from LeiFeng。
study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:If you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。He learned traditional Chinese medicine from a famous Chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。She studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。He is studying the problem of X-rays.他正在研究X射线的问题。
在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:How long have you learned/ studied Japanese?你学习日语有多久了?We must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。
8、long for, for long
long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:The children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。We long for a chance to visit Yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。
for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:He will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。Will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗?
9、lecture, speech
lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:They received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)He gave a lecture on the war in English. (指作演讲)Father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)
speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:I was quite unprepared to make a speech.By your speech I can tell you're from London.He gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.
10、live on, live by
live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:Jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。My uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。Most of the Asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。Sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。The scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。
live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:They live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。Smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。We live by the East Lake.我们住在东湖旁边。
1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up
make...from为“用...原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:They make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。This cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。
make...of为“用...材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:Nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。This big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。
make...into为“把...做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:They make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。Can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?
比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:Flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。Wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。Bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。Glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。
make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:Ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。A car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。Life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。
2、main, chief, major
这三个词都有“重要的”之意。
main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。This article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。His main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。John has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。It was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。
chief: "主要的,首要的",强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 "地位最高",用于物,意为 "最重要的"。The chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. He is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。The chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。
3、material, matter, substance
这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。
material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。With the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。They discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。
matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。The matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。We know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。
substance:“物质,东西",常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。The function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。A good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。
4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably
这四个词都可表示“可能性”。
maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:You could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。He didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。The doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。
possibly:“可能地,或者,也许",可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 "无论如何"之意。She expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。I couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。
perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。
probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。He is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。There is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。
5、mean, intend, propose
这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚解释这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。While summarizing the year's work, the managing director of the company proposed a greater project for the next year. 公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下半年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed. 一般说来,最终所达到的效果总的要比计划的好或差。
6、much, quite, so, very
这四个词都表示“十分,非常”之意。
much:“非常,十分,颇”,程度副词,多修饰动词,副词,过去分词,偶尔修饰个别形容词。修饰动词时,通常以very much, too much, so much等形式出现。I feel so much better today that I would like so much to go out. 我今天觉得好多了,所以,非常想到外边去。The distance from here to the town is much the same by either of the two roads. 从这里到镇上有两条路,无论是走哪一条,路程都相同。
quite:“十分,相当,非常”,程度副词,相当于completely, perfectly, rather等意思,在不正式的场合可代替very,可以修饰动词,副词,分词,形容词及介词短语。He has quite recovered from his illness and is now able to return to his post. 他已完全恢复健康,可以重返工作岗位了。The first step will need quite a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. 第一步所需的时间相当长,决不是一朝一夕就能完成的。
so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此...以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。So absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。All this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。
very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。They did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。Whatever you may have heard about me from poets, I am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。
7、mark, sign, signal, symbol
这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。
mark:“标志,标记",含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。One mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。The lighthouse on the top of the hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。
sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:Sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. Don't you see the sign: "keep off the grass"?先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?In the British Army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。
signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。A red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。The sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。
symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。Symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。In the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。
8、made up of, made of, made from
这三个词组都同be动词连用。
made up of 含有“由...(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:The committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。The Third World is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。
made of和made from都有“由...(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:Concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。Nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。
9、make the best of, get the best of
make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:You should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。We must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。
get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从...中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:They were pretty evenly matched, but Martin got the best of him by a cle